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First Things First - Bandwidth
A range of frequencies that is usually the difference between the upper and lower limits of the range expressed in Hz. It is used to denote the potential capacity of the medium, device or system. In general, the bandwidth decreases with increasing length. More commonly, it just means how much throughput or information or data or bits you can squeeze down a transport medium in a second. |
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Typical Bandwidth Terms
T Carrier (also refer to as DS for digital) Mega = millions
| Level |
Speed |
| T-1 |
1.544 Mbps (Megabits per second) |
| T-3 |
44.736 Mbps |
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| Optical Carrier (OC) Giga = billion |
| Level |
Speed |
| OC-1 |
51.848 Mbps |
| OC-3 |
155.52 Mbps |
| OC-12 |
622.08 Mbps |
| OC-48 |
2.488 Gbps (Gigabits per second) |
| OC-192 |
9.953 Gbps (Gigabits per second) |
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| Ethernet |
| Level |
Speed |
| 10 BaseT |
10 Mbps |
| 100 BaseT |
100 Mbps |
| Gigabit Ethernet (GE) |
1 Gbps |
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Copper Cable
- Backbone or Riser or Building Access
- Typically for voice at pair count from 50 to 3600
- Horizontal Cabling
- Voice grade: self explanatory
- Category 3 (Cat 3): Used for voice and lower speed data; up to 16Mhz and 10 Mbps
- Category 5 (Cat 5): 100 KHz and 100 Mbps
- Category 5 (Enhanced – Cat 5E): 155 MHz and 1 Gbps
- Category 6 (Cat 6): 250 MHz and 1Gbps
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Fiber Optic Cable and Fiber Construction
Optical Fiber Construction
Optical Fiber is a solid strand of glass made up of a core and cladding. The core and cladding are surrounded by protective plastic or acrolyte coating. |
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Fiber Optic Principles
Optical Fiber is a glass waveguide. Different wavelengths of light are directed through the fiber core by refraction and reflection. Different wavelengths relate to different colors.
Single-Mode vs. Multi-Mode / Use What When?
Single-Mode goes further and has less loss. If needed, single-mode can easily use repeater
Multi-Mode has excellent bandwidth, is more than adequate in most situations, and is more economical and easier to use.
Light is guided through the fiber on a path. Single-Mode equals a single path and Multi-Mode equals multiple paths. |
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Wireless in Building & Wireless to the World
- Microwave Line of Sight
- Free Space Optics (FSO – Also Line of Sight Laser)
Wireless Telephone as a standalone or as an adjunct to wired system and typically requires a base station wired back to PBX type equipment. In-Building Cellular is typically a big antenna coaxial type cable that is run through a building that extends cellular service into buildings, through basements and concourse areas.
Wi-Fi is a wireless LAN connection (also known as 802.11B or 8-2.11A). Speeds advertised up to 54Mbps for 802.11A. In the wings is 802.11G, which is purported to be at 108 Mbps. |
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Microwave Line of Sight
Wireless Microwave is a term used to describe telecommunications in which electromagnetic waves (rather than some form of wire) carry the signal over part or the entire communications path. Microwave signals propagate in straight lines and are affected very little by the troposphere. Microwave transmission bandwidth is in the gigabit range. |
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What is Free Space Optical (FSO)
Free Space Optical (FSO) transmission is the process of digital signal transmission along beams of light through free space conceived in 1880 by Alexander Graham Bell, with the first wave of development in the 1960’s. |
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FSO Attributes
- Operates at speeds up to 1.25 Gbps with the potential to exceed this in the future
- Offers virtually unlimited “last mile” capacity
- Offers freedom from EM interference, which often hampers RF implementation
- Provides a natural extension of the vast optical wire-line network being deployed currently
- Microwave and FSOs are Line of Sight Technologies
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